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Cover -- Half Title -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- List of Figures -- Notes on Contributors -- General Editor's Preface -- Preface -- 1 Introduction: Segregation, Zoning and Assimilation in Medieval Towns -- 2 Various Ethnic and Religious Groups in Medieval German Towns? Some Evidence and Reflections -- 3 Russians in Livonian Towns in the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries -- 4 '... propter disparitatem linguae et religionis pares ipsis non esse ...' 'Minority' Communities in Medieval and Early Modern Lviv -- 5 Foreign Ethnic Groups in the Towns of Southern Hungary in the Middle Ages

AbstractShape analysis has special importance in the detection of manipulated redistricting, which is called gerrymandering. In most of the US states, this process is made by non-independent actors and often causes debates about partisan manipulation. The somewhat ambiguous concept of compactness is a standard criterion for legislative districts. In the literature, circularity is widely used as a measure of compactness, since it is a natural requirement for a district to be as circular as possible. In this paper, we introduce a novel and parameter-free circularity measure that is based on Hu moment invariants. This new measure provides a powerful tool to detect districts with abnormal shapes. We examined some districts of Arkansas, Iowa, Kansas, and Utah over several consecutive periods and redistricting plans, and also compared the results with classical circularity indexes. We found that the fall of the average circularity value of the new measure indicates potential gerrymandering.

"Medieval Networks in East Central Europe explores the economic, cultural, and religious forms of contact between East Central Europe and the surrounding world in the eight to the fifteenth century. It is essential reading for scholars and students wishing to understand the integral role that this region played within the processes of the Global Middle Ages"--

Introduction : segregation, zoning, and assimilation in medieval towns / Derek Keene -- Various ethnic and religious groups in medieval German towns : some evidence and reflections / Felicitas Schmieder -- Russians in Livonian towns in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries / Anti Selart -- "Propter disparitatem linguae et religionis pares non esse" : "minority" communities in medieval and early modern Lviv / Olha Kozubska-Andrusiv -- Foreign ethnic groups in the towns of southern Hungary in the Middle Ages / István Petrovics -- Buda : the multi-ethnic capital of medieval Hungary / András Végh -- Late medieval ethnic structures in the inland towns of present-day Slovenia / Boris Golec -- Gradation of differences : ethnic and religious minorities in medieval Dubrovnik / Zdenka Janeković-Römer -- Minorities and foreigners in Bulgarian medieval towns in the twelfth to fourteenth centuries : literary and archaeological fragments / Kazimir Popkonstantinov and Rossina Kostova -- Nobiles, cives, et popolari : four towns under the rule of Carlo I Tocco (c. 1375-1429) / Nada Zečević -- The towns of medieval Hungary in the reports of contemporary travellers / Balázs Nagy -- Crown, gown, and town : zones of royal, ecclesiastical, and civic interaction in medieval Buda and Visegrád / József Laszlovszky -- Integration through language : the multilingual character of late medieval Hungarian towns / Katalin Szende -- The visual image of the "other" in medieval urban space : patterns and construction / Gerhard Jaritz

Contents: Preface; Part I The Study of Rulers and Ruled: Medieval symbology of the state: Percy E. Schramm's contribution; Percy Ernst Schramm (1895-1970) on P.E. Schramm; Coronation studies: past, present, and future - 30 years later; Serfs and serfdom: words and things; Probleme einer vergleichenden Betrachtung mittelalterlicher Eliten in Ostmitteleuropa. Part II Central European Rulers: Symbols and Functions: Holy lance, holy crown, holy dexter: sanctity of insignia in medieval East Central Europe; Sankt Stefans Armreliquie im Ornat KÃœnig Wenzels von Ungarn; Legitimization of rulership in 3 narratives from 12th-century Central Europe; Lists in the service of legitimation in Central European sources; Queens as scapegoats in medieval Hungary. Part III Hungary in the Late Middle Ages: A kingdom of many languages: the case of medieval Hungary;Monarchie im Wellental: Materielle Grundlagen des ungarischen KÃœnigtums im fÃơnfzehnten Jahrhundert; Sigismund and the Ottoman advance; Hungary and crusading in the 15th century; 'Good king Polish Ladislas--

Introduction: Hungarian medieval economic history : sources, research and methodology / Jozsef Laszlovszky, Balazs Nagy, Peter Szabo and Andras Vadas -- Structure -- Long-term environmental changes in medieval Hungary : changes in settlement areas and their potential drivers / Laszlo Ferenczi, Jozsef Laszlovszky, Zsolt Pinke, Peter Szabo and Andras Vadas -- Demographic issues in late medieval Hungary : population, ethnic groups, economic activity / Andras Kubinyi and Jozsef Laszlovszky -- Mobility, roads and bridges in medieval Hungary / Magdolna Szilagyi -- Human-nature interaction in production -- Agriculture in medieval Hungary / Jozsef Laszlovszky -- Animal exploitation in medieval Hungary / Laszlo Bartosiewicz, Anna Zsofia Biller, Peter Csippan, Laszlo Daroczi-Szabo, Marta Daroczi-Szabo, Erika Gal, Istvan Kovats, Kyra Lyublyanovics and Eva Agnes Nyerges -- Mining in medieval Hungary / Zoltan Batizi -- Salt mining and trade in Hungary before the Mongol invasion / Beatrix F. Romhanyi -- Salt mining and the salt trade in medieval Hungary from the mid-thirteenth century until the end of the middle ages / Istvan Draskoczy -- The extent and management of woodland in medieval Hungary / Peter Szabo -- Water management in medieval Hungary / Laszlo Ferenczi -- Money, incomes and management -- Royal revenues in the Arpadian age / Boglarka Weisz -- Seigneurial dues and taxation principles in late medieval Hungary / Arpad Nogrady -- Minting, financial administration and coin circulation in Hungary in the arpadian and Angevin periods (1000-1387) / Csaba Toth -- Coinage and financial administration in late medieval Hungary (1387-1526) / Marton Gyongyossy -- Spheres of production -- The ecclesiastic economy in medieval Hungary / Beatrix F. Romhanyi -- The urban economy in medieval Hungary / Katalin Szende -- The medieval market town and its economy / Istvan Petrovics -- Crafts in medieval Hungary / Laszlo Szende -- The economy of castle estates in the late medieval kingdom of Hungary / Istvan Kenyeres -- Trade relations -- Domestic trade in the arpadian age / Boglarka Weisz -- Professional merchants and the institutions of trade : domestic trade in late medieval Hungary / Andras Kubinyi -- Import objects as sources of the economic history of medieval Hungary / Istvan Feld -- Foreign trade of medieval Hungary / Balazs Nagy -- Foreign business interests in Hungary in the middle ages / Krisztina Arany -- Appendix -- List of references -- Index of geographic names -- Index of personal names.

The analysis of social discourses from the perspective of historical changes deserves special attention. Such a study could play a key role in revealing social changes and latent narrative of those in power; and understanding the underlying social dynamic in a given period. Until the recent years, such issues were analyzed mainly in a qualitative approach. In our paper we present a new way of revealing/discovering and interpreting social discourses using an advanced NLP method called word embedding. Based on word similarities we can understand the main structural frames of a given system and using a dynamic approach we can reveal the social changes in a historical period. In our study we created a large corpus from the Hungarian "Pártélet" journal (1956–89). This was the official journal of the governing party, hence it represents not just a media discourse of the era, but the official discourse of the government, too. One of the main focal points of our research is to study the evolution of the semantic content of some of the concepts related to the topics of agriculture and industry, which are two central notions of the examined era.

The analysis of social discourses from the perspective of historical changes deserves special attention. Such a study could play a key role in revealing social changes and latent narrative of those in power; and understanding the underlying social dynamic in a given period. Until the recent years, such issues were analyzed mainly in a qualitative approach. In our paper we present a new way of revealing/discovering and interpreting social discourses using an advanced NLP method called word embedding. Based on word similarities we can understand the main structural frames of a given system and using a dynamic approach we can reveal the social changes in a historical period. In our study we created a large corpus from the Hungarian "Pártélet" journal (1956–89). This was the official journal of the governing party, hence it represents not just a media discourse of the era, but the official discourse of the government, too. One of the main focal points of our research is to study the evolution of the semantic content of some of the concepts related to the topics of agriculture and industry, which are two central notions of the examined era.

More than sixty friends and colleagues pay tribute to the distinguished professor János Bak's 70th birthday. Notable contributors from many countries dedicate previously unpublished essays and articles in this celebratory Festschrift. Reflecting the intellectual calibre of János Bak, scholars not only of medieval history, but also from the fields of modern history, philosophy, linguistics, art history and political science provide a broad range of perspectives on a wide range of disciplinary areas thus allowing a wide readership audience